This is NOT a paper- it is answering 5 questions-ea 1 pg Essay

This isn't a paper-it is addressing 5 inquiries ea 1 pg - Essay Example She was likewise focusing on the outfits of the move and artists. The Times Magazine has named her as â€Å"Dancer of the Country†. She contributed 70 years of her life for the Dance organization. Her one more experimentation was moving and uncovering Human developments. Where as Rainer went above and beyond by turning into a movie producer. He also appears to be comparative with that of Martha Graham in uncovering get-togethers yet contrasted from her from his disclosure of the political side of the general public moreover. His work is related with incredulity. He evaluated finding the contrast among incongruity and criticism which is additionally a missing idea in progress of Martha Graham. In spite of the fact that them two had the comparable alternative of uncovering what place craftsmanship has found in the day by day exercises of the general public? In any case, Rainer appears to have gone somewhat more by discovering how he could uncover the idea of changes that occur in a general public, where as Graham confined her works just with human developments. While breaking down the administrations rendered by both to the universe of movement, Graham appears to have crossed the ideal patron. Pina Bausch is a choreographer of current move. She spearheaded the Tanztheatre style of Dance , a main and compelling move works which came out from the German Expressionist Dance . She was sent to ballet performance in her youth. Her move exhibitions incorporates a ton of German style of moving and artful dance with the idea of male and female communication . This subject is found in practically the entirety of her works. She has given route for a neo-expressionist style, sensational and surrealist settings in her work of move. This could be found in her work Carnations[1983]. She has arranged on stages with earth or carnations of water secured over it . People are discovered being a tease softly then moving and flying each other fiercely towards inside. These are the characteristics found in her works. Lin-Huai-Min, is the author of a notable and well known Chinese Modern Dance Group called

Color blue Essay Example for Free

Shading blue Essay Blue is the most loved shade surprisingly. It’s nature’s shading for water and sky, yet is once in a while found in products of the soil. Today, blue is held onto as the shade of paradise and authority, denim pants and corporate logos. It is cool, wet, and delayed when contrasted with red’s warmth, fire, and power. Blue has more intricate and opposing implications than some other shading. These can be effortlessly clarified by pinpointing by the particular shade of blue. Splendid blue: tidiness, quality, constancy, coolness (The starting point of these implications emerge from the characteristics of the sea and inland waters, a large portion of which are progressively substantial. ) Light (sky) blue: harmony, tranquility, ethereal, profound, limitlessness (The source of these implications is the impalpable parts of the sky. ) Most blues pass on a feeling of trust, faithfulness, neatness, and comprehension. Then again, blue developed as image of wretchedness in American culture. â€Å"Singing the blues† and feeling blue† are genuine instances of the multifaceted nature of shading imagery and how it has been advanced in various societies. Blue positions so high as a most loved shading that you can’t turn out badly in the event that you utilize blue. Notwithstanding, blue can be over-utilized and may end up a plan buzzword whenever utilized alone. Joining blue with another shading makes an increasingly innovative impact. Blue is the main shading which keeps up its own character in the entirety of its tones it will consistently remain blue;† Raoul Dufy, French Fauvist Painter, 1877-1953 Blue is strongly refracted by the eyes. This makes the focal point straighten and to push the blue picture back. We see that blue territories are retreating and littler. A similar refraction causes visual mist whenever utilized unreasonably in inside spaces. Blues worldwide similitudes are huge: Blue is the #1 most loved shade surprisingly. 53% of the banners on the planet contain blue. Blue is the most regularly utilized shading in corporate personality. A dull blue suit is proficient business clothing. Levis are worn everywhere throughout the world. Privileged is purebred in every European language. Novel Meanings of Blue in Different Cultures Greeks accept that blue avoids the hostile stare. The English â€Å"to feel blue† has no comparable in different dialects while in German â€Å"blau sein† (truly: to be blue) intends to be tanked or in Russian â€Å"ð ³Ã° ¾Ã° »Ã±Æ'ð ±Ã° ¾Ã° ¹Ã¢â‚¬  (actually: light blue) intends to be gay. Dim blue is the shade of grieving in Korea. The god Krishna has blue skin. Shades of blue are depicted as shallow or profound rather than light or dim in China. Blue is for an infant young lady; pink for an infant kid in Belgium. â€Å"Prince Charming† is called â€Å"The Blue Prince† in Italy and Spain.

Managing AIDS Free Essays

Presentation In the circumstance with Frank Deloisio, a center supervisor who had AIDS, Jean Langone Smith had probably the best trial of her profession. She was experienced an instance of the sort which such a large number of administrators can seem to be, one in each 250 Americans has been determined to have the plague of the twentieth century, yet the circumstance is sensitive to the point that couple of books can help an individual in overseeing position to sift through the moral issues that identify with it. Overseeing AIDS: Issues To Confront It could be said, dealing with an individual determined to have AIDS is like dealing with whatever other individual who has been determined to have an alternate terminal ailment like disease or tuberculosis in the last stages. We will compose a custom exposition test on Overseeing AIDS or then again any comparative theme just for you Request Now Be that as it may, AIDS is an exceptional social wonder because of the disgrace related with this infectious ailment. It has come to represent the bohemian way of life of the gay people and whores, and numerous individuals feel that an individual is at fault for having caused such a condition. Moreover, notwithstanding the clinical professionals’ affirmations, there are still feelings of trepidation that an individual with this condition may contaminate someone in the earth, which makes the expulsion of such an individual from the gathering alluring for a few. One more issue that was related with AIDS in Frank’s case was his incessant unlucky deficiencies. He here and there needed to utilize Jean and others to have the option to pay for his infection. The representatives at DEC needed to invest additional effort and convey the additional remaining burden to make up for his successive medications. In addition, individuals were not educated about the explanation of his unlucky deficiencies, and subsequently had motivation to accept that he was simply utilizing them to go on vacation work to take care of his own issues. Utilitarian Perspective In the event that Jean had seen the happenings from an utilitarian point of view, she would simply be worried about the outcomes of her choices, and in assessing those outcomes, her essential center would be the measure of satisfaction or misery of the individuals that would result from it. Consequently, excusal of Frank Deloisio appears to be a conceivable alternative. In the event that he had been terminated for his sickness, the organization would need to supplant him with an alternate individual who might probably have the option to deal with the duties, giving more opportunity to them. At that point all the representatives would be cheerful, as they would be soothed of their additional duty. Concerning Frank, he would be less significant, as his difficulties are those of a solitary individual. Deontological Perspective From a deontological see, it is important to make the wisest decision paying little mind to the outcomes. The view made and the functional strides rely upon the position embraced towards what is correct or wrong. In this way, in the event that the best thing is remaining by the debilitated individual, at that point the correct thing is to help Frank in his pickle, sharing his duties. One could state that a debilitated individual can't enjoy oneself, and in this manner it is right from the moral point of view to share the advantages accessible to others to support the wiped out one. Then again, in the event that one receives the view that a definitive decent is productivity, at that point Frank’s excusal is a feasible choice as he is obviously in the method of the company’s achievement. His supplanting with an alternate individual would add to the proficient working of the organization all in all. Decency to AIDS-Infected Person Decency implies managing individuals sincerely and as per standards. In this sense, the manager’s commitment comprises in managing representatives decently, without inclination or bias. Along these lines, an individual experiencing AIDS ought to be managed in a similar way as whatever other individual who is experiencing a genuine wellbeing issue. This additionally implies the chief ought to instigate all the workers to treat the one tainted with AIDS in a similar way. Considering Rights Keeping up the privileges of an individual requires the adherence to a specific arrangement of standards. For example, the wiped out individual has the privilege to classification, and this is the thing that Jean has been attempting to accomplish for Frank. Plus, Frank was additionally qualified for company’s clinical protection, and the full inclusion of the expenses related with his sickness. Concerning case from this point of view includes the upkeep of various fundamental standards, yet there is consistently the peril that something may get lost in an outright flood. For example, if the individual isn't qualified for an adjustment in work duties, this won't be sought after by the administrator as it isn't a piece of the debilitated employee’s indicated rights. How Jean Did Jean, albeit ill-equipped to manage a circumstance like that, satisfied the test of taking care of authoritative issues in her area of expertise. She was not reached by the AIDS projects to the degree that she could infer her insight into what she could do from that source, and along these lines she was acting dependent on her own moral judgment. Jean went a long ways past what was fundamental as indicated by the conventions at the organization. She helped Frank in altering his obligations to suit his present wellbeing conditions, and even had a plan to coin another position intended for him where he could underline his specialized aptitudes, without squeezing him that he was unable to deal with. At the point when his wellbeing weakened, she loosened up his obligations significantly further. This raised her power with the work force, permitting individuals at the organization to see that she was all set past what was endorsed by the principles to suit her representatives. As it were, her own moral viewpoint was changed: if already she took a gander at the individuals as experts, limiting her relationship with them as a simply business one, presently she could show that she was prepared to consider them to be one of a kind people that are significant not just as gear-teeth in the machine. Maybe the obvious idea of the case that included helping a debilitated individual helped Jean to make a jump from a severe and formal chief to an actual existence and-blood character. On the off chance that Jean had been defied with an all the more morally vague case like pleasing the disappointment of individual in a separation, she would be more enticed to think along the lines, â€Å"They need to adapt to their issues on their own†. Confronting a circumstance of somebody pitifully not well changed her conduct and perspectives. End Jean did well as she protected the privileges of a wiped out individual, acted reasonably, and was acceptable at keeping up the fundamental guideline of helping a debilitated individual. Jean’s activities were likewise directly from the utilitarian point of view it could be said. Supporting a representative in need helped her to maintain her picture according to other people, just as the picture of the organization. The workers at DEC had the option to reach the inference that in the event that they become sick with AIDS, they can most likely anticipate a similar touchy and sagacious treatment. This thought is going to help their confidence over the long haul, and increment their dedication for the organization. The case stood out as truly newsworthy, which is going to fill in as positive exposure for DEC, raising the corporate picture. It is maybe uncalled for to associate Jean with such an inspiration being her essential driver, however this serves to show that her activities gain support from both deontological and utilitarian point of view. Step by step instructions to refer to Managing AIDS, Essay models

Econ2206 Notes Essay Example

Econ2206 Notes Essay A lot of applied econometric investigation are keen on â€Å"explaining y as far as x† and stand up to three issues: 1) Since there will never be a careful connection among y and x, how would we represent the â€Å"other unobserved† factors? 2) What is the capacity connection among y and x? 3) How would we conjure a ceteris paribus relationship or a causal impact between y a x? The basic straight relapse model is: y = ?0 + ?1x + u -  ­? â€Å"u† is the stochastic blunder or unsettling influence term and speaks to each one of those surreptitiously factors or different factors other than x. -  ­? On the off chance that every single other on-screen character (u) is held fixed, so change in u is zero, we can watch the capacity connection among y and x. -  ­? On the off chance that we take the normal estimation of the model, (? u = 0 and 0), at that point we can see that x linearly affects y. We will just get dependable assessments of ?0 and ?1 on the off chance that we make confining presumptions on u. Up to ?0 is remembered for the model, nothing is lost by making the suspicion that the normal estimation of u in the populace is zero; E(u) = 0. ZCM Our significant supposition that is by characterizing the restrictive circulation of u given any estimation of x. This pivotal supposition that is, the normal estimation of u doesn't depend n the estimation of x. E(u|x) = E(u) = 0 This is the zero- ­conditional mean presumption (ZCM) -  ­? The normal estimation of the imperceptibly factors is the equivalent over the populace. -  ­? A significant ramifications of ZCM is that u and x are uncorrelated. OLS Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) is a technique for assessing the obscure parameters in a direct relapse model. The appraisals for ?0 and ?1 are found by limiting the entirety of squared residuals. That is, the separation between the perceptions in the example and the reactions anticipated. -  ­? Fitted qualities and evaluations are indicate d by a HAT -  ­? The qualities anticipated for y when x = xi (where xi = bservation I) are known as the fitted qualities -  ­? ^yi. -  ­? There is a fitted incentive for each perception in the example -  ­? The leftover for every perception is given by the distinction between the genuine, yi, and its fitted worth ^yi. -  ­? The OLS relapse line is likewise called the example relapse work (SRF). Properties of OLS †¢ Residuals -  ­? In the event that ^ui (leftover related with perception I) is sure, line underpredicts y -  ­? On the off chance that ^ui is negative, the line overpredicts y -  ­? Aggregate (or test normal) of OLS residuals is zero -  ­? Covariance among regressors and OLS residuals is zero †¢ Variation Total Sum of Squares (SST) = Total plentiful variety in the yi Explained total of squares (SSE) = Total example variety in the ^yi Residual total of squares (SSR) = Sample variety in the ^ui The all out variety in y would thus be able to be communicated as: SST = SSE + SSR ? Goodness- ­? Of- ­? Fit (R2) The R- ­? squared is the proportion of disclosed variety to add up to variety. In this manner translation is the portion of test variety in y that is clarified by x. R2 = SSE/SST -  ­? The R- ­? squared of the relapse is here and there alluded to as the coefficient of assurance. -  ­? The level of test variety in y that is clarified by x. Units of Measurement Functional Form Sometimes inear connections between the needy and autonomous factors are not fitting for all monetary application. The various kinds of practical structures are: -  ­? LEVEL: y and x. One unit increment in x builds y by ?1 -  ­? LEVEL LOG: y and log(x). -  ­? We will compose a custom exposition test on Econ2206 Notes explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Econ2206 Notes explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Econ2206 Notes explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer

The History Of Foreign Direct Investment Economics Essay

The historical backdrop of Foreign Direct Investment can be followed back to the yearss of the pioneer age. During the pioneer yearss, there was the interest for a direct contributing each piece great as transportation of administrative achievements. This was because of the unpleasant bearing of the infant businesses in Nigeria as at that cut. Directly from independency in 1960, Nigeria perceived the significance of outside account in make fulling or loaning to make full the local savings spread, the remote trade spread and the designing spread being developed. It was non, until 1957, when the state becomes independent that an increasingly positive activity towards outside capital and curiously Foreign Direct Investment supplanted the free enterprise arrangement of the unadulterated provincial age. Get bringing down from the twelvemonth, five Acts of Parliament gave a heap of instigations to remote speculators. These incorporate wide income improvement excursions, quickened deterioration recompenses, showcase security, opportunity to pass on in and repatriate capital and overall gains, and an increasingly ideal and competitory condition. These were epitomized in the Industrial Development ( Import Duties Relief ) Act 1957, the Industrial Development ( Income Tax Relief ) Act 1958, the Customs Duties ( Dumped and Subsidized Goods ) Act 1958, the imposts ( Draw back ) Regulations 1959 and the Income Tax ( Amendment ) Act 1959.DEFINITION OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTForeign Direct Investment can be characterized as a contributing that is made to get a perpetual heading association in a worry attempt working in a state other than that of the speculator characterized orchestrating to home World Bank ( 1996 ) . M. Sornarajah ( 2010 ) characterized Foreign Direct Investment as â€Å" the transportation of touchable or impalpable in addition to starting with one state then onto the next for the plan of their use in that state to deliver riches under the aggregate or incomplete control of the owner of the benefits † . Okomoh ( 2004 ) portrayed Foreign Direct Investment as non only for the transportation of capital yet close to augmenting an undertaking from its place state into remote host state. For all intents and purposes, Foreign Direct Investment implies applying corporate power over global boundar ies.2.3 THEORIES OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTTheory of Foreign Direct Investment can be followed back to Hymer ( 1960 ) in his work â€Å" On Multinational Corporations and Foreign Direct Investment † , where he expressed that â€Å" since autochthonal houses have better perception of their nearby condition more than remote houses, the last will simply have the option to strive on the off chance that they have different favorable circumstances to balance for their detriments of working in outside destinations † . Additionally, outside direct investings are regular where imperfectnesss exist in a market. This implies the hypothesis of flawless rivalry is non prone to work in examples Foreign Direct Investment. Hypothesis of Foreign Direct Investment can in this way helpfully be clarified under two classs: Micro ( Industrial Organization ) speculations ; and Macro-money ( cost of capital ) hypotheses. Fitting to Caves ( 1971 ) , the point of convergence is regularly on a dvertise imperfectnesss, each piece great as the yearning of Multinational Corporations to spread out their market power typically on showcase. Joining smaller scale and large scale accounts, a few hypotheses had developed legitimize Foreign Direct Investment from places of the speculation houses and the beneficiary financial systems.Theory OF FIRM EXPLANATIONHarmonizing to this hypothesis, following Caves clarification before expressed, a house will proceed to put at place until ideal level of contributing at place is reached and more distant contributing will do Fringy Cost to be higher than Average Cost and fiscal worth per unit of final result. This hypothesis flourishes great using the microeconomic conduct of houses. The choice of the record is that each piece long as the anticipated accumulated from now on overall gain outskirts warrants present outgo, an endeavor is said to be possible. This hypothesis is non sensible as it does non set into thought send out selling and conduct of Multinational Corporations that works under dynamic marketsINTANGIBLE ASSETS EXPLANATIONThe elusive resources clarification territories th at Foreign Direct Investment of the Multinational Corporations have some exclusive cognizance or immaterial resources, for example, building and strategies that ensure productivity, licenses, plans, trademarks, exchange name names, exchange insider facts and expertise which different houses have no dish to. These benefits have comparable highlights of ‘public merchandise ‘ as in they can be abused by various houses ( inside the transnational framework ) without devouring their utility. In view of this property of ‘Pareto Optimality ‘ , the use of the restrictive resources can be advanced by spread trip abroad. For case, ‘Coke ‘ exchange name is perceived worldwide and Coca-Cola will accomplish more come back from the trademark when more workss are developed. It is of import to watch creation for fare can non be an other to finding a manufacture workss as a result of the travel cost related with send out each piece great as plausibility of exchange obstructions. On whether a permitting comprehension would hold been another choice, the finding of sovereignty installment is ever extremely emotional, while specialists of creating states do hold awful effect on such a choice ; and numerous Multinational Corporations are non typically prepared to part such resources.

What is Euthanasia - Free Essay Example

Euthanasia is a painless death, some may say euthanasia is a undeviating act for taking a life through prescription drugs. A patient that has a short expand of life can address such an issue with their healthcare provider. Counseling can be provided before the final decision is made by doctor and the patient. At anytime the patient reserves the right to with draw from the process. The patient however must have good reason for the process before a doctor will approve such a request. Written documentation can be obtained from the ethics of medical and research on the website, through his/her doctors office. If the doctor has agreeded with patient that this is the best option both patient and doctor will be protected through legal binding documents and laws of that state. The patient also has the right to request family, friends and spouses to be present during the time of this process. This type of euthanasia can be considered as a voluntary act. Identify and describe laws regarding euthanasia in your state. The extermination of life is restricted in Louisiana and all through the whole United States. Louisiana Right to Lifes Center for Medical Ethics systematized into law the Louisianas Natural Death Act for consenting or denying medicinal treatment which currently explicitly peruses: Nothing in this Part will be translated to excuse, approve, or favor leniency slaughtering or killing or to allow any agreed or purposeful act or oversight to end life other than to allow the characteristic procedure of passing on (RS 40:1299.58.10). Explain a recent case about euthanasia and its outcome. Mr. Noel Conway is a 67 yr old termally ill man want to exercise the law on assisted death, so that he may go in a more dignified way. The request was presented and denied three times in court. Mr.Conway revealed that the Suicide Act of 1961 contradicts article 8 in reguards to human life and privacy to the judges. However to no avail the judges did not move on the act of euthanasia. Mr. Conway plead his case on the legal matter and he stated that he will continue to come before the courts until his request is granted. Mr. Conway has a breathing machine that carries every breath for him. Even though he is dieseased ridden, his only option is to smother to death by removing the breathing tubes in his nostrals. Mr. Conway feels as if his rights as a human was not only granted but disreguarded. Mr. Conway is not expected to live pass another year. Maybe if he had presented his request under six months of life while in a stable frame of mind. He might have had a better chance at dieing a peaceful death and saying goodbye to love ones at his own leisure. Another reason why his request was denied is because he was depending upon his physician to assist with this act. However the laws is not in favor of act and is strictly prohibited. Based upon what you have read, give your opinion on euthanasia, and support your argument I am against euthanasia because it is morally wrong. To be able to disregard human life due to illnesses and diseases strips away the value of mankind. This could also start a trend in the medical field for using euthanasia as treatment instead of a cure. For religious reasons this takes life from the hands of a higher spiritual power.

Objective And Functions Of Asset Liability Management Committee Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Introduction ALM means asset liability management. ALM is defined as, the process of decision making to control risks of existence, stability and growth of a system through the dynamic balances of its assets and liabilities. ALM is the process involving decision making about the composition of assets and liabilities including off balance sheet items of the bank / FI and conducting the risk assessment. ALM is an integral part of the financial management process of any bank. ALM is concerned with strategic balance sheet management involving risks caused by changes in the interest rates, exchange rates and the liquidity position of the bank. While managing these three risks forms the crux of ALM, credit risk and contingency risk also form a part of the ALM. ALM of the bank has 3 important pillars that are ALM information system ALM organization ALM process ALM information system ALM information systems job is to gather data and latest information and evaluate this information according to their needs. Computerize system ensure that all the require data is correct and in the fast way so that they can take the decision accordingly. ALM organization ALM organization means to identify the duties and structure of the members .Asset liability management committee (ALCO) is the policy and decision making component of the bank whose size depend upon the size of the bank. This is the very important department of the bank because they make the risk strategy and make sure the ALM implementation in the departments. Because ALCO is the very important and bone of the system so thats why they need to focus on the current news, information, laws, Government rules and market situation urgently so there meeting are arranged on short interval basis to determine the exact accurate and latest picture of the situation. By gathering this data they can make the strategy according to the situation which is very helpful for the bank. ALM process The ALM process consist of following categories Liquidity risk Management Management of risk market Funding and capital planning Profit planning and growth projection Trading risk management ALM objective Liquidity Risk Management. Interest Rate Risk Management. Currency Risks Management. Profit Planning and Growth Projection Liquidity risk Management Liquidity risk management means bank ability to meets its liabilities as they become due .Liquidity risk refers to the risk that the institution might not be able to generate sufficient cash flow to meet its financial obligations. So there duties are to make strategy these situations and make the policies to cover these risks and if these situations arise then how the bank will arrange funds, which suitable line will be used in particular situation. Liquidity risk management make sure this situation never happened because if it happen then it could be very harmful for the bank because if they fail to arrange money the whole system could collapse, reputation could be down and whole economic system can shake so that management is very important of an organization. Maturity Profile as given below used for measuring the future cash flows of banks in different time buckets. The time buckets given the Statutory Reserve cycle of 14 days may be distributed as under: i) 1 to 14 days ii) 15 to 28 days iii) 29 days and upto 3 months iv) Over 3 months and upto 6 months v) Over 6 months and upto 12 months vi) Over 1 year and upto 2 years vii) Over 2 years and upto 5 years viii) Over 5 years Interest Rate Risk It is the risk of having a negative impact on a banks future earnings and on the market value of its equity due to changes in interest rates Interest rate risk is the exposure of a banks financial condition to adverse movements in interest rates. Accepting this risk is a normal part of banking and can be an important source of profitability and shareholder value. However, excessive interest rate risk can pose a significant threat to a banks earnings and capital base. Changes in interest rates affect a banks earnings by changing its net interest income and the level of other interest-sensitive income and operating expenses. Changes in interest rates also affect the underlying value of the banks assets, liabilities and off-balance sh eet instruments because the resent value of future cash flows (and in some cases, the cash flows themselves) change when interest rates change. Accordingly, an effective risk management process that maintains interest rate risk within prudent levels is essential to the safety and soundness of banks. Forex Risk It is the risk of having losses in foreign exchange assets and liabilities due to exchanges in exchange rates among multi-currencies under consideration. Dealing is different currencies is profitable but risky as well. If the liabilities in one currency increase the level of the assets in the same currency is increase so you have to pay more so currency risk management peoples keep the eye on the market and economical activities to minimize this risk ALCO The Asset liability Committee (ALCO) consisting of bank senior management including the CEO for the decision of the business strategy of the bank on both asset and liability sides with the limit of the bank budget and design the best risk management objectives. The ALM desk staffs are responsible for preparing the reports and monitor the risk profile to the ALCO. They also analysie the market condition related to balance sheet and recommend the action needed to take by the bank within the budget ALCO decision making unit responsible for Balance Sheet planning from risk-return perspective which includes management of liquidity, interest rate and forex risks Pricing of deposits and advances, desired maturity profile etc. Monitoring the risk levels of the bank Review of the results and progress of implementation of decisions made in previous meeting Future business strategies based on banks current view on interest rates To decide on source and mix of liabilities or sale of assets To develop future direction of interest rate movements To decide on funding mix between fixed and floating rate funds, wholesale vs. retails deposits, short term vs. long term deposits etc. The ALCO board of directors has established both short and long-term capitalization goals to assure the ALMs solvency and to offer members competitive deposit and loan rates. The ALCO is responsible for regularly monitoring the capitalization objectives and to report significant deviations to the board. ALM will maintain a minimum equity capital to asset ratio of 8% to return on average net assets after regular dividends, operating expenses, net loan charge-offs, and realized investment gains/losses but before bonus dividends and incentive program payments. ALM may complete borrowing activities in order to leverage the equity capital and increase net interest income and related net income. Borrowing activity will be carefully orchestrated to match assets and liabi lities in transactions where loans or investments are purchased primarily with borrowed funds. MANAGEMENT OF RATE RISK The ALCO will determine the appropriate method for measuring interest rate risk within the ALM. In most cases, income simulation will be used for the analysis. The purpose of income simulation will be to test the integrity of the income stream against the normal and volatile movement of interest rates over time. ALMs balance sheet will be modeled and tested with the goal of identifying and reducing interest rate risk. The analysis for the normal movements of interest rates will be done at least quarterly. The analysis for the volatile movements of interest rates will be done semi-annually. The ALCO may choose to contract with an outside source to perform this analysis. The banks asset liability management is monitored through ALCO. ALCO attends the following issues while managing Balance Sheet Risks: (i) Review of actions taken in previous ALCO. (ii) Economic and Market Status and Outlook. (iii) Liquidity Risk related to the Balance Sheet. (iv) Review of the price / interest rate structure. (v) Actions to be taken. The ALCO Process An ALCO paper is produced every month (usually by the Finance Department) which covers various issues related to Balance Sheet risk management. The ALCO paper is prepared before the ALCO meeting as the committee reviews the ALCO paper to set strategies. The ALCO process or the ALCO meeting reviews the ALCO paper along with the prescribed agendas. The Chairman of the committee, that is the Treasurer or the CEO, raises issues related to the balance sheet. Treasurer suggests whether the interest rates need to be reprised, whether the bank needs deposits or advance growth, whether growth of deposits and advances should be on short or longer term, what would be the transfer price of funds among the divisions, what kind of interbank dependency the bank should have etc. In short, all issues related to liquidity and market risk are covered. Based on the analysis and views of the Treasurer, the committee takes decisions to reduce balance sheet risk while maximising profits. Action Points The ALCO takes decisions for implementation of any/all of the following issues:  ·Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Need for appropriate Deposit mobilisation or Asset growth in right buckets to optimise asset-liability mismatch.  ·Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Cash flow (long/short) plan based on market interest rates and liquidity.  ·Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Need for change in Fund Transfer Pricing (FTP) /or customer rates in line with strategy adapted.  ·Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Address to the limits that are in breach (if any) or are in line of breach and provide detailed plan to bring all limits under control.  ·Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Address to all regulatory issues that are under threat to non-compliance. Special ALCO Meeting Apart from the regular monthly meeting, ALCO meeting is also called as and when any contingent situations arise. A very good example may be, during the any special festival. At those times, market liquidity dries out and overnight rates shoot up. Banks who are net borrowers from the market may be exposed to huge interest expense the high rates in the market. This is an ideal time for a special ALCO meeting, where the committee may take critical decisions for deposit mobilisation on an urgent basis for reducing dependency from the market.